目錄

中文摘要

Abstract

導論

第一章 莫言作品中方言運用的方式

第一節 方言詞匯的直接運用

第二節 方言句法的鮮活運用

第三節 地域聲音的鮮明運用

第二章 莫言作品中方言運用的深層原因

第一節 方言運用與民間立場

第二節 方言運用與大地情結

第三章 方言運用與狂歡化效果

第一節 方言運用與眾語喧嘩

第二節 方言運用與民間戲謔

第三節 方言運用與粗鄙化寫作

第四章 方言運用的生態文化價值

第一節 方言運用與漢語寫作反思

第二節 方言運用與語言生態保護

第三節 方言運用與生態文化

結語

主要參考文獻

致謝

中文摘要

莫言作為中國當代最優秀的作家之一，尤其是獲得諾貝爾文學獎以后，他及他的作品成為炙手可熱的研究對象。生于齊魯大地的莫言，從他的小說可以讀出人杰地靈的齊魯大地對他的影響，以及他對這片土地發自內心的熱愛。莫言獨特的語言風格一直是理論界關注的焦點，而方言與標準語的交織運用作為他文學語言的一個突出特色，值得深入思考和關注。在語言生態學研究興起的背景下，對文學作品中方言運用的關注也是應有之義，本文試圖透過莫言小說中的方言運用，探究方言對莫言小說的影響以及其現實意義。筆者從莫言小說中方言運用方式入手，試圖揭示出莫言小說中方言運用的深層原因，進而分析方言運用所產生的狂歡化效果，最終探討方言運用與生態文化之間的深層關系。

本文分為導論、正文、結語三大部分。導論部分主要是對莫言小說中方言運用研究著作、論文進行梳理和綜述，對方言概念進行界定。正文共分為四個部分，第一部分對莫言小說中的方言運用方式進行分析和例證。莫言小說中的方言運用方式主要集中在方言詞匯的直接運用、方言句法的鮮活運用、地域聲音的鮮明運用三個方面。方言詞匯的運用主要集中在名詞、動詞、俗語常言、詈詞粗話等等；方言句法主要借助敘述語言中短句的大量使用、人物語言中方言句法得以展現。地域聲音的運用則是指莫言對流傳在當地的唱詞、歌謠、快板、茂腔等民間文學的化用。第二部分則深入探討莫言方言運用的深層原因，本文認為莫言之所以在作品中大量運用方言，是因為他本人“作為老百姓寫作”的寫作理念以及莫言本人所具有的大地情結，這兩個方面是莫言運用方言的內驅力。對莫言的“民間立場”進行分析，這種立場決定了莫言“作為老百姓寫作”而不是“為老百姓寫作”;其次分析思維方式與語言運用之間的關系，主要從民間話語在作品中的發聲方式和對傳統文學的繼承、創新兩個方面入手。第三部分是對莫言方言運用的效果進行闡釋，分析方言運用的眾語喧嘩、民間戲謔以及粗鄙化寫作對作品產生的效果。眾語喧嘩的雜語特征主要借助以下兩種方式：共同語、書面語的交叉使用；地域聲音借助“鑲嵌體裁”在作品中的再現；方言作為底層大眾的語言，其對權威的顛覆和其本身所具有的“脫冕”特性，具有濃烈的口語化、幽默化色彩；而方言中大量粗話的使用，使莫言的小說呈現出粗鄙化的特征，這種向下的、褻瀆式的姿態，本身就是一種“狂歡”.第四部分是對莫言方言運用的生態文化價值的解讀，從方言與語言生態、漢語寫作的反思以及生態文化三個角度入手，通過對方言寫作的梳理，闡釋方言寫作的價值和意義。方言作為語言系統不可或缺的組成部分和共同語的重要來源，對維護語言生態系統意義重大；莫言作為新時期的代表作家，其方言寫作方式是對漢語寫作的反思；同時方言背后所承載的思維方式對當今生態文化頗有價值。

中文關鍵詞：莫言小說；方言；狂歡化；生態文化；

Abstract

As one of Chinese best contemporary writers, Mo Yan and his works have received wideattention, especially after he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Shandongprovince, Mo Yan's novels show not only the influence of his hometown which nourishes manyoutstanding persons but also his love for this land. Mo Yan's unique language style has been thefocus in academic field. The use of dialect together with Putonghua in his works is a prominentfeature which deserves more attention. As the emerging and developing of the study on theecology of language, the use of dialects in literature draws more and more attention. By studyingthe dialect in Mo Yan's novels, this paper attempts to explore the theoretical and practicalsignificance of the employment of dialect. This paper focuses on the way in which Mo Yan usesdialect in his novels so as to explore the underlying causes for the use of dialect, subsequentlyanalyzes the “carnival effect” resulting from the use of dialect, and then studies the deeprelationship between the use of dialect and ecological culture.

This paper is divided into three parts, namely introduction, body and conclusion.

Introduction mainly defines the concept of “dialect” and reviews the studies on the use of dialectin Mo Yan's novels. The main body of this paper consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 analyzesthe use of dialect in Mo Yan's novels by offering many examples. Mo Yan uses dialect mainly inthree ways: borrowing the local words directly from the dialect, employing sentence patterns ofdialect and using of distinct sounds. Borrowing the local words directly from the dialect mainlyfocuses on nouns, verbs, proverbs and vernaculars while the employing sentence patterns ofdialect is characterized by a number of short sentences in narration and local characteristics indialogues. As for the use of distinct sound, it includes various folk literature such as libretto,ballad, Shandong clapper ballad, and Maoqiang （a kind of opera popular in Gaomi）。 Chapter 2explores the underlying causes for the use of dialect. The author believes that the reasons whyMo Yan uses dialect in his novels extensively are that he is influenced by the philosophy of“writing as a common person” and his love for his hometown. This paper studies Mo Yan'sstandpoint of “writing as a common person” which encourages him to write “as a commonperson” instead of “for common person”. Besides, it discusses the relationship between the wayof thinking and the use of language, which is conducted in two aspects: the use of dialect inliterary works as well as the inheritance and innovation of traditional literature. Chapter 3illustrates the effect of the dialect on Mo Yan's works in which the author analyzes the impact ofclamour, crack jokes and vulgar writing on his works. Clamour is shown in two aspects: first,the use of both colloquial speech and written language, and the use of distinct sound in literaryworks by the employment of “Mosaic Genre”; second, dialect, as a language used by localcommon people, can challenge authority and is featured by “uncrowned”, colloquial andhumorous. In addition, the vulgar words in the dialect make Mo Yan's works vulgar too. And thisdown-ward and profane type of attitude itself is a kind of “Carnival”. Chapter 4 is theinterpretation of the ecological and cultural values of Mo Yan's use of dialect. From theperspectives of the ecology of dialect and language as well as the rethinking of Chinese writingand ecological culture, this paper reveals the value and significance of the dialect writing. As anindispensable part of the language system and the source of common language, dialect has greatsignificance in maintaining the ecological system of language. As a representative writer of thenew era, Mo Yan's use of dialect is a rethinking of Chinese writing. What's more, the way ofthinking hidden behind the dialect is valuable for today's ecological culture.

Keywords: Mo Yan's novels; the use of dialect ; carnival; ecological culture;